Abstract
Preserving the frequency stability of multiple microgrid clusters is a serious challenge. This work presents a dynamic model of multiple microgrid clusters with different types of distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) that was used to examine the load frequency control (LFC) of microgrids. The classical proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers were designed to tune the frequency of microgrids. Furthermore, an imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) was proposed to investigate the frequency deviations of microgrids by considering renewable energy resources (RERs) and their load uncertainties. The simulation results confirmed the performance of the optimized PID controllers under different disturbances. Furthermore, the frequency control of the microgrids was evaluated by applying regional demand response programs (RDRPs). The simulation results showed that applying the RDRPs caused the damping of frequency fluctuations.
Highlights
Air pollution produced by fossil fuel power plants has been causing serious environmental problems [1]
The present paper provides a suitable dynamic model for multiple microgrid clusters based on tie-lines for studying the frequency and tie-line power control
The frequency control system of multiple microgrid clusters was implemented in Matlab
Summary
Air pollution produced by fossil fuel power plants has been causing serious environmental problems [1]. The participation of demand response programs in the frequency control of isolated microgrids and power systems was investigated in References [29,30]. In Soares et al [33], the use of demand response programs to integrate the RERs and reduce the effects of changes in the generation of these resources on power systems was proposed. The present paper provides a suitable dynamic model for multiple microgrid clusters based on tie-lines for studying the frequency and tie-line power control. Opposed to the other works, the regional demand response program is simpler and more accurate, and does not require complex and massive computational calculations This method is applicable to almost all types of loads by considering the load’s participation coefficient in each region during the frequency control.
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