Dynamic Landscapes in the UK Driven by Pressures from Energy Production and Forestry—Results of the CORINE Land Cover Map 2018

Beth Cole,Heiko Balzter,Bestabé De La Barreda-Bautista,Thomas Codd,Lok Yung Chan,Geoff Smith,Sarah C M Johnson,Matthew Payne,Alexandra Hamer

doi:10.3390/land11020192

Abstract

The CORINE Land Cover (CLC) map was established in 1985 and is now one of the most widely used products from the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service. As the world’s longest consistent operational land cover monitoring product, CLC maps have been produced for reference years 1990, 2000, 2006, 2012 and now for 2018. This paper presents the results from the CLC2018 mapping project in the UK and analyses the results of the land cover status layer and the change layer from the period 2012–2018. It sets this change in context with the change results from the period 2006–2012 and finds that the rate of change between the subsequent CORINE land cover maps is continuing to increase. Changes mapped for the period 2012–2018 covered 76,032 ha greater than the change mapped between 2006 and 2012, an increase of 26% of mapped change. The area of changes mapped covered an area equivalent to 1.16% of the total land area of the UK. The number of different types of changes also continue to diversify; however, the dominance of rotational forestry is consistent with the previous map. The process of urban land take has been highlighted in the results between 2012 and 2018 and is a trend identified in previous iterations of the CLC inventories. The largest gain is in industrial or commercial units (an increase of 14.4%). This growth is mainly attributed to renewable energy infrastructure. As well as the descriptive analysis, the results have been analysed to identify the likely pressures being experienced on the land in the UK. Although the CLC mapping approach is consistent, there have been improvements to the input EO data used to map the changes. For 2018, the Copernicus Sentinel-2 system offered a consistent and reliable image source for the first time. This increased the spatial resolution of the source datasets to 10 m, allowing for more accurate identification of small features and those with fine spatial textures such as suburban, road networks and windfarms. We also look forward to the development of CLC+, the new generation of CORINE land mapping, and the improvements it could make.

Highlights

Over decadal time scales, land cover and land use in the UK have undergone significant changes as a result of multiple policy drivers, economic shifts and increasingly, environmental impacts
Automated methods for identifying and mapping LULC change are a large research focus, as the volume of geospatial data collected outstrips our capacity for manual interpretation and analysis [11], and as high-performance computing and machine learning methods become more advanced [12,13]. These approaches are highly suited to certain mapping applications, for example, where the focus is on land cover as opposed to land use, or there are a small number of highly contrasting classes in the mapping specification [9]
The CORINE Land Cover (CLC) methodology was established in the mid-1980s and is one of the most widely used products from the Copernicus Land Monitoring

Summary

Introduction

Land cover and land use in the UK have undergone significant changes as a result of multiple policy drivers, economic shifts and increasingly, environmental impacts. The primary policy drivers of change in the coming decade are the new Agriculture Bill that replaces the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union in the UK after Brexit, and the Defra 25-year Environment Plan [1], with its ambitious goals for environmental improvements and the directive to achieve net zero carbon emissions by to address climate change. If higher costs were placed on emissions-intensive foods such as beef and lamb, whilst encouraging fruit and vegetable consumption as a means to mitigate climate change, substantial land use changes would likely be the consequence. The impacts of climate change such as sea-level rise and the flooding caused by the increase in the intensity of storms are likely to see more land being handed over to mitigation schemes.

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