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Abstract
As the immune system is not fully developed during the larval stage, hatchery culture of bivalve larvae is characterized by frequent mass mortality caused by bacterial pathogens, especially Vibrio spp. However, the knowledge is limited to the pathogenesis of vibriosis in oyster larvae, while the immune response to pathogenic microorganisms in this early life stage is still far from being fully elucidated. In this study, we combined green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagging, histological and transcriptomic analyses to clarify the pathogenesis of experimental vibriosis and the mechanisms used by the host Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae to resist infection. The Vibrio strains first colonized the digestive system and rapidly proliferated, while only the transcription level of IκB kinase (IKK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) associated with signaling transduction were up-regulated in oyster at 18 h post challenge (hpc). The mRNA levels for integrin β-1, peroxinectin, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which are associated with phagocytosis, cell adhesion, and cytoprotection, were not upregulated until 30 hpc when the necrosis already happened in the larval digestive system. This suggested that the immunity in the early stages of C. gigas is not strong enough to prevent vibriosis and future research may focus on the strengthening of the gastrointestinal immune ability to defend vibriosis in bivalve larvae.
Highlights
IntroductionThe Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is an important bivalve species with worldwide distribution and a 643,549 ton production in 2018, valued at US $1.36 million [1]
We firstly combined green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagging, histological, and transcriptomic analyses to clarify in detail the pathogenesis of experimental vibriosis, and in reverse the mechanisms used by the host C. gigas larvae for disease resistance
The digestive system was verified as the infection pathway of Vibrio strains ME9-GFP and NB10-GFP in C. gigas larvae
Summary
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is an important bivalve species with worldwide distribution and a 643,549 ton production in 2018, valued at US $1.36 million [1]. Bacteria of the genus Vibrio have been frequently documented as the main causative agent of diseases affecting hatchery-reared oyster larvae. The predominant species responsible for oyster larvae mortality outbreaks are Vibrio splendidus, V. anguillarum, V. coralliilyticus, V. pectenicida, V. tubiashii, and V. aestuarianus [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. There is limited knowledge on the pathogenesis of vibriosis in oyster larvae, while the immune response to pathogenic microorganisms in early life stages of oysters and even in marine invertebrates in general is still far from being fully elucidated
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