Dynamic Contact Angle Reformulates Pore-Scale Fluid-Fluid Displacement at Ultralow Interfacial Tension

Abstract

Summary Surfactant flooding is an effective enhanced oil recovery method in which the oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) is reduced to ultralow values (<0.01 mN/m). The microscopic fluid-fluid displacement has been extensively studied at high IFT (>10 mN/m). However, the microscopic displacement dynamics can be significantly different when the IFT is ultralow because the dynamic contact angle increases with the increase of the capillary number. In this study, surfactant flooding was performed and visualized in micromodels to investigate the dynamics of multiphase displacement at ultralow IFT. Although the micromodels used were strongly water-wet, the displacements of oil by surfactant solutions at ultralow IFT appeared as drainage. Furthermore, a macroscopic oil film was left behind on the surface, which indicates that a contact line instability occurred during displacements. The shape of the oil/water meniscus was determined by the balance between viscous forces and capillary forces. The meniscus can be significantly distorted by viscous forces at ultralow IFT. Therefore, the water-wet micromodel exhibits an oil-wet behavior at ultralow IFT, and the displacements of oil by surfactant solutions at ultralow IFT manifested as drainage rather than imbibition. The flow behavior is further complicated by the spontaneous formation of microemulsion during displacement. The microemulsion is mainly formed from the residual oil. The formation of a microemulsion bank made the surfactant solution discontinuous, with transport in the form of droplets in the microemulsion bank and displacement front. The novelty of this work is to reveal the effects of dynamic contact angle on the ultralow IFT displacement.