Abstract
Understanding changes in urban vegetation is essential for ensuring sustainable and healthy cities, mitigating disturbances due to climate change, sustaining urban biodiversity, and supporting human health and wellbeing. This study investigates and describes the distribution and dynamic changes in urban vegetation over a 15-year period in Greater Melbourne, Australia. The study investigates how vegetation cover across Melbourne has changed at five-yearly intervals from 2001 to 2016 using the newly proposed dynamic change approach that extends the net change approach to quantify the amount of vegetation gain as well as loss. We examine this question at two spatial resolutions: (1) at the municipal landscape scale to capture broadscale change regardless of land tenure; and (2) at the scale of designated public open spaces within the municipalities to investigate the extent to which the loss of vegetation has occurred on lands that are intended to provide public access to vegetated areas in the city. Vegetation was quantified at four different times (2001, 2006, 2011, 2016), using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Dynamic changes of gain and loss in urban vegetation between the three periods were quantified for six local government areas (LGAs) and their associated public open spaces using a change matrix. The results showed an overall net loss of 64.5 square kilometres of urban vegetation from 2001 to 2016 in six LGAs. When extrapolated to the Greater Melbourne Area, this is approximately equivalent to 109 times the size of Central Park in New York City.
Highlights
Urban greenspaces are of the utmost importance for cities due to their roles in improving health and wellbeing [1], ensuring a sustainable supply of ecosystem services [2,3], supporting biodiversity conservation [4,5,6], enhancing social cohesion [7] and adding to the aesthetics and beauty of the landscape [8]
Most of the absolute change from non-vegetated (NV) to vegetated (V) and vice versa, for the 2001–2006 (T1) and 2011–2016 (T3) time periods was in the form of the loss of vegetation cover, with all councils experiencing a loss of 0.3% (Mornington Peninsula in T3) to 4.4% (Hume in T1)
The largest increase in vegetation cover was observed in the 2006–2011 (T2) time period with Melbourne, Hobson’s Bay and Hume all recording an absolute gain of 1–2%
Summary
Urban greenspaces are of the utmost importance for cities due to their roles in improving health and wellbeing [1], ensuring a sustainable supply of ecosystem services [2,3], supporting biodiversity conservation [4,5,6], enhancing social cohesion [7] and adding to the aesthetics and beauty of the landscape [8]. Urban greenspaces are often conceptualised as different arrangements of vegetation cover and their associated land use features and affordances [14,15], such as parks, street trees, urban farms, urban forests, private gardens, botanical gardens, open spaces and sports ovals [16,17,18,19]. The broad term ‘urban greenspace’ can refer to over 100 different types of features and structures that support urban vegetation [17,21]. While qualitative aspects of vegetation (e.g., vertical structure, plant species composition) are important for biodiversity responses, our study focuses solely on a quantitative assessment of vegetation cover
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