DX-like centers in NaI:Tl upon aliovalent codoping

Abstract

Aliovalent doping has been recently shown to remarkably improve energy resolution in some halide scintillators. Based on first-principles calculations we report on the formation of DX-like centers in a well-known scintillator material, Tl-doped NaI (NaI:Tl), when codoped with Ca or Ba. Our calculations indicate a net binding energy favoring formation of the defect complex (TlNa−+CaNa+) involving a new cation-cation bond, instead of the isolated substitutional defects. The pair has properties of a deep DX-like acceptor complex. Doping with the aliovalent anion impurity Te is also found to induce deep centers, which can act as effective electron or hole traps. The hole trapped as TeI0 involves large lattice relaxation of the Te and an adjacent iodine, consistent with extrinsic self-trapping of the hole. Thus, in contrast to the positive effect achieved by aliovalent co-doping of the rare-earth tri-halides LaBr3:Ce and CeBr3:Ca as reported recently, co-doping with donor-like cations Ca, Ba, or the acceptor-like anion Te in monovalent NaI:Tl is found to inhibit scintillation response.