Abstract
In this article, the previously unrecognized contributions of Pierre Duhem and Ladislavus Natanson in thermodynamics are shown. The mathematical remodelling of a few of their principal ideas is taken into consideration, despite being neglected in the literature. To emphasize these ideas in an appropriate epistemological order, it would be crucial to first revalue and reconstruct some underrepresented parts of the proceedings process through which Duhem and Natanson created their thermodynamics. Duhem and Natanson’s scientific works are against the background of modern continuum mechanics, presenting relevant approaches. In line with the long-held beliefs of many French and Polish researchers, the article mentions that Duhem and Natanson’s ideas dated back to one century ago. Both scientists were qualified in the same Royal Way, which in this case includes chemistry, mechanic of fluid and solid, electro-chemistry, thermodynamics, electrodynamics, and relativistic and quantum mechanics. Therefore, it is possible to connect and then compare the results of their conceptions and approaches. Duhem and Natanson are both in firm opposition with Newtonian mechanisms. Thus, the Maupertuis least action principle created the ground for their efforts, in which they flourished as an elementary quantum.
Highlights
Cimmelli, Jou, Rugerri, and Ván [1] recently elaborated concise versions of the modern mathematical methods used in thermodynamics
We begin by introducing the state-of-art for the period of 1870–1880, before describing the thermodynamic models developed by Duhem and Natanson
Duhem underlined the power of thermodynamic principles in the following quote: “These considerations show that the questions that relate to thermodynamics will have to come to the attention of physicists before they can begin the study of systems other than classical systems, and it was the theory of the propagation of sound in air that provoked Laplace to create thermodynamics”
Summary
Jou, Rugerri, and Ván [1] recently elaborated concise versions of the modern mathematical methods used in thermodynamics. A few scientists were entirely involved in the project of presenting this by transferring physical theory to the mechanical approach Both Duhem and Natanson were against a direct interpretation of the Rankine−Reech approach to a clear and adequate foundation for thermodynamics. We can see that Duhem presented the general idea of the thermodynamic potential in a specific sense, as an analogy between certain formulas of mechanics and thermodynamics His understanding of Reech, Gibbs, Maxwell, and Helmholtz gave him the ability to see analogies between the concept of potential and the function available energy termed by Gibbs and W. The free energy named by Helmholtz in a chemical reaction His idea to treat the theories of thermodynamic statics with methods very similar in form to those of Lagrange, in mechanical statics was, as seen in the future, powerful
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