Duality of business cybernetics and system(s) theory in consideration of business systems

Abstract

Innovation is unavoidable in the modern business, both the technological and non-technological ones. Though, innovation results from interdisciplinary cooperation, which is hardly supported by the traditional sciences and practices. They namely both enjoy in and suffer from over-specialisation, once the experts do not feel and practice ethics of interdependence. The interdependence is called duality by some authors. The science about interdependence and methodological support to it is the 'systems theory'. Cybernetics resulted from the practice of interdependence about 70 years ago. The general systems theory was created against overspecialisation in about the same time. Later on only the systems theory introduced the 'law of holism' and included it into the 'business cybernetics'. Now, we try to understand, and help others understand, the concept of duality in connection with the concepts of systems theory, cybernetics, and business cybernetics for research and management of business systems.