Dual-templated 3D nitrogen-enriched hierarchical porous carbon aerogels with interconnected carbon nanosheets from self-assembly natural biopolymer gel for supercapacitors

Abstract

This work reports the design and fabrication of nitrogen-enriched hierarchical porous carbon aerogel (NPCA) with high supercapacitance performance derived from self-assembly natural biopolymer gel using a novel dual-template method. The as-obtained NPCA exhibited a honeycomb-like 3D network architecture composed of interconnected carbon nanosheets with hierarchical porous structure, large specific surface area (SSA, large to ∼1438 cm3 g−1) and high content of N element (large to ∼6%). The 3D hierarchical porous structure was designed and tailored to enhance the electron/ion transport ability. NaCl was in favor of the enhancement of SSA/graphitization degree and the support of 3D architecture, while NaOH played an important role in the formation of micropores. The N dopants were introduced to provide the extra pseudocapacitance, which could improve the performance of energy storage. It was also found that the SSA, graphitization degree and N dopants were highly affected by pyrolysis temperature. Among the resultant samples, NPCA-650 displayed the highest specific capacitance (264.3 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) attributed to not only the developed pore structure but also the abundant active N dopants. The as-assembled symmetric supercapacitor exhibited a high energy density of 12.4 Wh kg−1 with excellent cycling stability. Overall, this work provides a novel approach for the fabrication of low-cost biomass-based energy storage materials and could be also helpful for the design and tailoring of the hierarchical porous carbon aerogel architecture.