Abstract
Water availability is one of the most important resources for forest growth. However, due to its complex spatio-temporal relationship with other climatic factors (e.g., temperature and solar radiation), it paradoxically shows both positive and negative correlations (i.e., dual roles) with forest vigor for unknown reasons. In this study, a multiperspective analysis that combined the deficit of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (dNDVI) and multitimescale Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was conducted for the forests in China, from which their correlation strengths and directions (positive or negative) were linked with spatio-temporal patterns of environmental temperature (T) and water balance (WB) (i.e., precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration). In this way, the reasons for the inconsistent roles of water were revealed. The results showed that the roles of water availability greatly depended on T, WB, and seasonality (i.e., growing or pregrowing season) for both planted and natural forests. Specifically, a negative role of water availability mainly occurred in regions of T below its specific threshold (i.e., T ≤ Tthreshold) during the pregrowing season. In contrast, a positive role was mainly observed in warm environments (T > Tthreshold) during the pregrowing season and in dry environments where WB was below its specific threshold (i.e., WB ≤ WBthreshold) during the growing season. The values of Tthreshold and WBthreshold were related to the vegetation type, with Tthreshold ranging from 1.3 to 4.7 °C and WBthreshold ranging from 129.1 to 238.8 mm/month, respectively. Our study revealed that the values of Tthreshold and WBthreshold for a specific forest were stable, and did not change with the SPEI time-scales. Our results reveal the dual roles of water availability in forest vigor and highlight the importance of environmental climate and seasonality, which jointly affect the roles of water availability in forest vigor. These should be considered when monitoring and/or predicting the impacts of drought on forests in the future.
Highlights
This article is an open access articleForest ecosystems cover more than 4.1 billion hectares of the Earth’s surface [1]and offer products and services [2,3], making them crucial to sustainable development
Based on the strongest correlations of forests with water availability, as characterized by the r corresponding to |r|max, our research showed that water availability played dual roles in forest vigor in China (Figure 4 and Figure S1)
We found that the roles of water availability in forest vigor in China had both positive and negative roles (Figures 4 and 5 and Figure S1), which is consistent with other research [6,20]
Summary
This article is an open access articleForest ecosystems cover more than 4.1 billion hectares of the Earth’s surface [1]and offer products (e.g., food and timber) and services (e.g., sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide and controlling water erosion) [2,3], making them crucial to sustainable development. 2021, 13, 91 found that water supply (e.g., precipitation) exerts two quite different impacts on forest vigor (e.g., Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Gross Primary Production (GPP)), i.e., both positive and negative roles (i.e., positive and negative correlations) coexist and their roles depend on the spatial location and timing of precipitation [6,7]. Most studies have concentrated on the positive role of the water supply in vegetation vigor, ignoring the negative role and its underlying mechanism [8,9]. Revealing the dual roles of water availability in forest vigor is crucial, as it forms the basis for a broad comprehension of the mechanisms involved and will allow us to make better predictions regarding the impacts of climate change
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