Dual crosslinked pullulan–gelatin cryogel scaffold for chondrocyte-mediated cartilage repair: synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluation

Abstract

Cryogels, a subset of hydrogels, have recently drawn attention for cartilage tissue engineering due to its inherent microporous architecture and good mechanical properties. In this study a dual crosslinked pullulan–gelatin cryogel (PDAG) scaffold was synthesized by crosslinking gelatin with oxidized pullulan by Schiff’s base reaction followed by cryogelation. Chondrocytes seeded within the PDAG scaffolds and cultured for 21 d in vitro demonstrated enhanced cell proliferation, enhanced production of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix and up-regulated sulfated glycosaminoglycan without altering the articular chondrocyte phenotype. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-based gene expression studies, immunofluorescence, and histological studies demonstrated that the PDAG scaffold significantly enhanced the expression of chondrogenic marker genes such as type II collagen, aggrecan, and SOX9. Taken together, these results demonstrated that PDAG scaffold prepared by sequential Schiff’s base reaction and cryogelation would be a promising cell-responsive scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering applications.