Abstract
The increasing world human population has given rise to the current energy crisis and impending global warming. To meet the international environmental obligations, alternative technological advances have been made to harvest clean and renewable energy. The solar photovoltaics (PV) system is a relatively new concept of clean technology that can be employed as an autonomous power source for a range of off-grid applications. In this study, the dual battery storage system is coupled with a solar PV system and a low voltage grid, benefitting from the feed-in tariff (FIT) policy. The main outcomes of this study are: (I) A novel dual battery storage system for the optimal use of the PV system/energy is proposed; (II) The problem is formulated in the form of a mathematical model, and a cost function is devised for effective cost calculation; (III) An optimal cost analysis is presented for the effective use of PV energy; (IV) real-time data of a solar PV taken from the owner and the demand profile collected from the user is applied to the proposed approach, with United Kingdom (UK) tariff incentives. This system works in a loop by charging one system from the solar PV for one day, and discharging the other system. This model gives certainty that power is exported to the grid when the solar PV generates an excess amount; batteries are utilized during the peak hours, and power is purchased when the demand is not met by the batteries, or when the demand is higher than the generation. This study examined the economic knowledge of solar PV and battery storage systems by considering the FIT incentives.
Highlights
When the intensity of the solar irradiance is high, consumer demand is low, the power needed for the onsite demand is evaluated, and the remaining and the consumer demand is low, the power needed for the onsite demand is evaluated, power is sold to the grid
There is significantly higher electricity generation in the summer, as shown and the remaining power is sold to the grid
The lower value of onsite the batteries according to the proposed methodology, and to export the remaining power at the demand allows us to charge the batteries according to the proposed methodology, and to export prescribed export rate of 0.06 £/kWh
Summary
Energy Spread and Photovoltaic Technology/PV Energy and World Demand. The increase in energy demand of developing countries is expected to be 65% by 2040, indicating the emerging growth, prosperity, and developing economies of such areas [1]. The energy demand in the world will increase to 35% with the increase in population. Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that there has been a 40%, 150%, and 20% increase in the concentrations of CO2 , methane, and nitrous oxide, respectively, since pre-industrial times. As of 2015, two-thirds of global CO2 emissions are produced by the combustion of fuel, of which electricity generates 42%. A considerable amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gases are released from the industrial zones (IZ) in different countries [2].
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