DsrC is involved in fermentative growth and interacts directly with the FlxABCD-HdrABC complex in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough.

Abstract

DsrC is a key protein in dissimilatory sulfur metabolism, where it works as co-substrate of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase DsrAB. DsrC has two conserved cysteines in a C-terminal arm that are converted to a trisulfide upon reduction of sulfite. In sulfate-reducing bacteria, DsrC is essential and previous works suggested additional functions beyond sulfite reduction. Here, we studied whether DsrC also plays a role during fermentative growth of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, by studying two strains where the functionality of DsrC is impaired by a lower level of expression (IPFG07) and additionally by the absence of one conserved Cys (IPFG09). Growth studies coupled with metabolite and proteomic analyses reveal that fermentation leads to lower levels of DsrC, but impairment of its function results in reduced growth by fermentation and a shift towards more fermentative metabolism during sulfate respiration. In both respiratory and fermentative conditions, there is increased abundance of the FlxABCD-HdrABC complex and Adh alcohol dehydrogenase in IPFG09 versus the wild type, which is reflected in higher production of ethanol. Pull-down experiments confirmed a direct interaction between DsrC and the FlxABCD-HdrABC complex, through the HdrB subunit. Dissimilatory sulfur metabolism, where sulfur compounds are used for energy generation, is a key process in the ecology of anoxic environments, and is more widespread among bacteria than previously believed. Two central proteins for this type of metabolism are DsrAB dissimilatory sulfite reductase and its co-substrate DsrC. Using physiological, proteomic and biochemical studies of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough and mutants affected in DsrC functionality, we show that DsrC is also relevant for fermentative growth of this model organism and that it interacts directly with the soluble FlxABCD-HdrABC complex that links the NAD(H) pool with dissimilatory sulfite reduction.