Abstract
Abstract This study numerically investigates dry and moist convection forced by an urban heat island using a two-dimensional, nonhydrostatic, compressible model with explicit cloud microphysical processes (Advanced Regional Prediction System). The urban heat island is represented by specified heating. Extensive numerical experiments with various heating amplitudes, representing the intensity of the urban heat island, uniform basic-state wind speeds, and basic-state relative humidities, are performed to examine their roles in characterizing urban-induced convection. Two flow regimes can be identified in dry simulations. One regime is characterized only by stationary gravity waves near the heating region and is revealed when the urban heat island intensity is very weak. The other regime is characterized both by stationary gravity waves near the heating region and by a downwind updraft cell that moves in the downstream direction. The intensity of the downwind updraft cell increases as the heat island intensi...
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