Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) predictions based on in vitro inhibition of major bile acid clearance mechanisms.

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Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is recognized as a major safety concern in drug development, as it represents one of the three types of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Cholestasis is characterized by the disruption of bile flow, leading to intrahepatic accumulation of toxic bile acids. Bile acid regulation is a multifarious process, orchestrated by several hepatic mechanisms, namely sinusoidal uptake and efflux, canalicular secretion and intracellular metabolism. In the present study, we developed a prediction model of DIC using in vitro inhibition data for 47 marketed drugs on nine transporters and five enzymes known to regulate bile acid homeostasis. The resulting model was able to distinguish between drugs with or without DILI concern (p-value = 0.039) and demonstrated a satisfactory predictive performance, with the area under the precision-recall curve (PR AUC) measured at 0.91. Furthermore, we simplified the model considering only two processes, namely reversible inhibition of OATP1B1 and time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4, which provided an enhanced performance (PR AUC = 0.95). Our study supports literature findings suggesting a contribution not only from a single process inhibition, but a rather synergistic effect of the key bile acid clearance processes in the development of cholestasis. The use of a quantitative model in the preclinical investigations of DIC is expected to reduce attrition rate in advanced development programs and guide the discovery and development of safe medicines.