Drug design based on biosynthetic studies: Synthesis, biological activity, and kinetics of new inhibitors of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase and squalene epoxidase

Abstract

Various classes of inhibitor of 2,3-oxido squalene cyclase have been synthesized and tested on rat liver and Saccharomyces cerevisiae microsomes, 3T3 fibroblast cultures, and various bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. The compounds include azasqualenes, azasqualanes, bis-azasqualenes, bis-azasqualanes, and N -oxide and ammonium derivatives of squalene. In order to better mimic the transition state involved in the SN 2-like opening of 2,3-oxidosqualene, we synthesized squalene N -methyloxaziridine. Other derivatives tested were N -methylimine, aminalic hydroperoxide, and N -methylamide. We also attempted to produce new “suicide” inhibitors of SO cyclase, such as a squalenoid epoxide vinyl ether. Many of the products described inhibited the various cyclases, the best having an IC 50 of 0.3 μM on plants and 1.5 μM on rat liver microsomes, and good antibacterial and antifungal activity. In a search for inhibitors of squalene epoxidase, a series of mono- and bifunctional squalenoid acetylenes and allenes were synthesized. Some of them proved to be inhibitors of squalene epoxidase.