Abstract
Simple SummaryDrought stress is one of the most important factors that significantly affects agricultural lands and reduces the production of various crops. Among bean crops, Vigna radiata (mung bean) is a highly nutritious food crop that provides protein, carbohydrates, several essential minerals, amino acids, vitamins, and antioxidants. To resolve the problem of drought-affected agriculture of mung bean, we focused on finding a novel and sustainable solution by using a drought-tolerant bacterium Enterobacter sp./Leclercia adecarboxylata PAB19 that produces significant amounts of plant growth-promoting bioactive compounds and colonizes the roots of mung bean plants. By performing a series of in vitro and in situ (on field) experiments, we conclude that the bacterium PAB19 holds a great potential to mitigate drought stress. Several agriculturally important parameters were enhanced by the bacterial activity which was suppressed by the drought stress induced by a chemical PEG-6000 without bacterial inoculation. Conclusively, strain PAB19 can be applied to alleviate drought stress by improving the biological attributes of mung bean under water-deficit conditions.Drought or water stress is a limiting factor that hampers the growth and yield of edible crops. Drought-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can mitigate water stress in crops by synthesizing multiple bioactive molecules. Here, strain PAB19 recovered from rhizospheric soil was biochemically and molecularly characterized, and identified as Enterobacter sp./Leclercia adecarboxylata (MT672579.1). Strain PAB19 tolerated an exceptionally high level of drought (18% PEG-6000) and produced indole-3-acetic acid (176.2 ± 5.6 µg mL−1), ACC deaminase (56.6 ± 5.0 µg mL−1), salicylic acid (42.5 ± 3.0 µg mL−1), 2,3-dihydroxy benzoic acid (DHBA) (44.3 ± 2.3 µg mL−1), exopolysaccharide (204 ± 14.7 µg mL−1), alginate (82.3 ± 6.5 µg mL−1), and solubilized tricalcium phosphate (98.3 ± 3.5 µg mL−1), in the presence of 15% polyethylene glycol. Furthermore, strain PAB19 alleviated water stress and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the overall growth and biochemical attributes of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek. For instance, at 2% PEG stress, PAB19 inoculation maximally increased germination, root dry biomass, leaf carotenoid content, nodule biomass, leghaemoglobin (LHb) content, leaf water potential (ΨL), membrane stability index (MSI), and pod yield by 10%, 7%, 14%, 38%, 9%, 17%, 11%, and 11%, respectively, over un-inoculated plants. Additionally, PAB19 inoculation reduced two stressor metabolites, proline and malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes (POD, SOD, CAT, and GR) levels in V. radiata foliage in water stress conditions. Following inoculation of strain PAB19 with 15% PEG in soil, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, water vapor deficit, intrinsic water use efficiency, and photosynthetic rate were significantly improved by 12%, 8%, 42%, 10%, 9% and 16%, respectively. Rhizospheric CFU counts of PAB19 were 2.33 and 2.11 log CFU g−1 after treatment with 15% PEG solution and 8.46 and 6.67 log CFU g−1 for untreated controls at 40 and 80 DAS, respectively. Conclusively, this study suggests the potential of Enterobacter sp./L. adecarboxylata PAB19 to alleviate water stress by improving the biological and biochemical features and of V. radiata under water-deficit conditions.
Highlights
Crops face a wide range of environmental stresses [1,2], and drought stress poses a major obstacle to global crop production sustainability [3]
Our goals were: (i) to isolate and identify drought-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains with multiple PGP features; (ii) to assess the effect of PEG-6000 on plant growth regulating substances in strain PAB19; (iii) to evaluate the mitigation potential of PAB19 on growth, dry biomass, leaf pigments, and nutrient uptake of V. radiata cultivated under water deficit conditions; (iv) to determine the effects of PAB19 on rhizobia-V. radiata symbiosis and seed attributes; (v) to assess stress markers and antioxidant response in inoculated plants raised under water deficit conditions; and (vi) to evaluate the effects of PAB19 on leaf exchange parameters of treated and untreated V. radiata plants
Based on its biochemical and cultural properties, PAB19 belonged to the genus Leclercia and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified it at the species level as Enterobacter sp./L. adecarboxylata
Summary
Crops face a wide range of environmental stresses [1,2], and drought stress poses a major obstacle to global crop production sustainability [3]. Many approaches have been implemented recently to increase the drought tolerance of crops, such as conventional breeding and genetic engineering. These methods have certain limitations that prevent their utilization in agricultural practices [9]. In this regard, drought-tolerant rhizobacteria that promote plant development are considered a viable option for sustainable agriculture in water-scarce areas. Vigna radiata (mung bean), a widely grown nutrient-dense grain legume in the tropics, is noted for its detoxifying properties and is used to relieve heat exhaustion and minimize swelling in summer [10]
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