Abstract
A 56 day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of different levels of dietary histamine on growth performance, immune response, and intestinal health of grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Seven isonitrogenous (46%), isolipidic (10%) diets were prepared with histamine supplement levels of 0 (T0), 0.05% (T1), 0.1% (T2), 0.15% (T3), 0.2% (T4), 0.25% (T5), and 0.3% (T6), respectively. The results showed that histamine supplementation had no significant effects on weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion rate (FCR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and survival rate (SR) at the initial feeding period (day 0–28), but WGR and SGR had negative linear responses to the dietary histamine level at the whole feeding period (day 0–56), and a significant decrease was observed in groups T5 and T6 compared with T0 (P < 0.05). Supplementation of histamine decreased antioxidant capacity, immune response, the contents of serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein (FABP2) and intestinal trefoil factor (ITF), and caused serious damage of intestine with significantly decreased VH and MFH of grouper, especially in fish fed with diets supplemented with high doses of histamine (0.25 and 0.3%). The intestinal microbial communities in treatments were different clearly with the control (T0), in terms of beta (β)-diversity boxplots and UPGMA phylogenetic tree based on unweighted unifrac distance. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Fusobacteria was lower in group T0, while the abundance of Firmicutes was significantly lower in groups T5 and T6 (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of uncultured_bacterium_f_Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminiclostridium were significantly higher in the control, while the abundance of Cetobacterium was significantly higher in groups T5 and T6 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study suggested that up to 0.2% of dietary histamine did not result in a remarkable reduction in growth, immune response, and intestinal health; however, 0.25% or more dietary histamine could cause significant negative effects on growth performance, immune response, and intestinal health in E. coioides.
Highlights
With the rapid development of aquaculture industry worldwide in recently years, the quality of fish meal (FM), which served as the most primary protein source in aquatic feeds, has received more and more attention (Li et al, 2018; Wang et al, 2019; Ye et al, 2020; Zhai et al, 2020)
White fish meala Shrimp head meal Soybean meal Vital wheat gluten Fish oilb Soybean oil Lecithin Wheat meal Choline chloridec Vitamin premixd Mineral premixe Ca(H2 PO4 )2 Antifungal agent Antioxidant Proximate nutrients composition Crude protein Crude fat Crude ash aWhite fish meal was obtained from Jiakang Feed Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China, imported from Peru. bFish oil were obtained from Jiakang Feed Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China. cCholesterol was produced by Baiwei Biotechnology Holdings Co., Ltd., Hebei, China, which is extracted from pig, cattle, or sheep brain, and the minimum level is higher than 95%. dVitamin premix: vitamin A, 15; vitamin D3, 15; vitamin E, 75; vitamin
weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) tend to decrease, while feed conversion rate (FCR) showed an increase trend, but no significant difference was observed at the initial feed period
Summary
With the rapid development of aquaculture industry worldwide in recently years, the quality of fish meal (FM), which served as the most primary protein source in aquatic feeds, has received more and more attention (Li et al, 2018; Wang et al, 2019; Ye et al, 2020; Zhai et al, 2020). High levels of histamine are usually presented in poor quality FM due to difference of original fish species, suboptimal conditions of preparation and transportation, improper storage, and so on (Higgs et al, 1995; Anderson et al, 1997; Visciano et al, 2012), resulting in a series of negative effects in aquatic animals, such as suppression of growth performance, reduction of feed utilization, inflammatory reaction, and intestinal diseases (Aksnes et al, 1997; Aksnes and Mundheim, 1997; Caballero et al, 1999; Tapia-Salazar et al, 2004). Zhao et al (2016) reported that high levels of histamine (4 g/kg) decreased the activity of digestive enzymes and exerted great damage to the morphology of the intestine and hepatopancreas in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis); dietary histamine supplementation had no significant effect on growth performance. Tapia-Salazar et al (2001) reported that diet supplemented with 1.2–2.4 g/kg histamine/diet had a positive effect on weight gain in blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris)
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