Abstract
High dose (0.3%) of dietary histamine can cause adverse effects on growth performance, innate immunity, and gut health in juvenile grouper (Epinephelus coioides). In the present study, three autochthonous probiotics (Bacillus pumilus SE5, Psychrobacter sp. SE6, and Bacillus clausii DE5) were supplemented separately to diets containing 0.3% of histamine and their effects on growth performance, innate immunity, and gut health of grouper (E. coioides) were evaluated in a 56-day feeding trial. The results showed considerable increase in weight gain, specific growth rate, hepatosomatic index, and decreased feed conversion rate in groupers fed with probiotic-supplemented diets. Supplementation of autochthonous probiotics has improved antioxidant capacity and innate immunity of E. coioides by measuring correlative parameters, such as total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde content, and so on. Additionally, dietary probiotics have significantly reduced the levels of serum interleukin-1β (at days 28 and 56), fatty acid-binding protein 2, and intestinal trefoil factor (at day 28), and promoted intestinal integrity following remarkably increased muscle thickness and mucosal fold height at day 56, especially in grouper fed with B. pumilus SE5 containing diet (P < 0.05). On day 56, the gut microbial composition of E. coioides was positively shaped by autochthonous probiotics, the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic Photobacterium decreased while beneficial Lactobacillus increased in fish fed with probiotic strains, especially with B. pumilus SE5 and B. clausii DE5. These results suggest that among the three autochthonous probiotic strains tested, B. pumilus SE5 is showing better efficiency in alleviating the adverse effects of (high levels) dietary histamine by decreasing the expression of inflammatory markers and by improving the growth, innate immunity, and gut health of juvenile grouper E. coioides.
Highlights
Owing to limitation of global supply and increase in demand of white fish meal (WFM), the traditional and preferred source of animal protein ingredient for commercial aquafeeds, brown fish meal (BFM) has served as a common substitute for WFM
Groups T2 and T3 showed almost similar levels of fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) and intestinal trefoil factor (ITF), while the lowest levels of serum FABP2 and intestinal ITF were found in the T2 group
♂ Liao et al, 2021), fingerlings great sturgeon (Huso huso; Rastekenari et al, 2021), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Mohammadian et al, 2019), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; Doan et al, 2018). In line with this previous research, this study showed that the administration of the three autochthonous probiotics can improve the growth performance and feed utilization of grouper E. coioides fed with 0.3% histamine, especially in fish fed with diet containing B. pumilus SE5 as probiotic strain, suggesting that autochthonous probiotics can improve the growth performance and feed utilization of grouper under high histamine stress
Summary
Owing to limitation of global supply and increase in demand of white fish meal (WFM), the traditional and preferred source of animal protein ingredient for commercial aquafeeds, brown fish meal (BFM) has served as a common substitute for WFM. High doses of histamine in aquatic feed can cause adverse effects on growth performance, innate immunity, and/or gut health in grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Liu et al, 2021), American eel, Anguilla rostrata (Zhai et al, 2020), yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Li et al, 2018), Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (Zhao et al, 2012, 2016), and blue shrimp, Litopenaeus stylirostris (Tapia-Salazar et al, 2001). A key advantage is that autochthonous probiotics can efficiently colonize, multiply, and work effectively in the host intestine (Lazado et al, 2015). It is still not known whether autochthonous probiotics can alleviate the negative effects of dietary histamine in marine fish
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