Abstract
The Doppler operation applied to the sea surface is studied for the spaceborne and airborne weather radars. In the space mission, a small amount of beam misalignment can cause large contamination of a platform velocity into a measured Doppler velocity. In this paper, theoretical bases for retrieving water droplet velocity via the Doppler signal from a sea surface are considered for pulse-pair operation in the nadir direction. On a fast-moving platform, Doppler fading is so crucial that the finite beamwidth of an antenna is taken into account in the formalism based on a scalar Kirchhoff theory. Correlation signals are derived for both the coherent and incoherent scatterings that have substantial differences in Doppler velocity. Furthermore, the incoherent Doppler velocity is shown to include a path-difference term, which is characteristic of the incoherent surface scattering, set apart from the incoherent body scattering. Applying the retrieval methodology to the Doppler signal from a ground surface is also discussed.
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