Abstract
Phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria rely on a suite of inorganic and organic macronutrients to satisfy their cellular needs. Here, we explored the effect of dissolved inorganic phosphate (PO4) and several dissolved organic molecules containing phosphorus [ATP, glucose-6-phosphate, 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid, collectively referred to as dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP)], on the activity and biomass of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial populations in the coastal water of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea (SEMS) during summertime. To this end, surface waters were supplemented with PO4, one of the different organic molecules, or PO4 + ATP, and measured the PO4 turnover time (Tt), alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), heterotrophic bacterial production (BP), primary production (PP), and the abundance of the different microbial components. Our results show that PO4 alone does not stimulate any significant change in most of the autotrophic or heterotrophic bacterial variables tested. ATP addition (alone or with PO4) triggers the strongest increase in primary and bacterial productivity or biomass. Heterotrophic bacterial abundance and BP respond faster than phytoplankton (24 h post addition) to the various additions of DOP or PO4 + ATP, followed by a recovery of primary productivity (48 h post addition). These observations suggest that both autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial communities compete for labile organic molecules containing P, such as ATP, to satisfy their cellular needs. It also suggests that SEMS coastal water heterotrophic bacteria are likely C and P co-limited.
Highlights
Large parts of the global oceans are considered low nutrient low chlorophyll (LNLC) areas, generally characterized by a deficiency in macronutrients such as P, N, and C (Tyrrell, 1999)
Several studies have indicated that nucleotides such as ATP are highly labile dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) molecules, as suggested by their rapid turnover time (Tt) (Casey et al, 2010; Orchard et al, 2010; Sebastián et al, 2012), their susceptibility to alkaline phosphatase treatment through bioassays (Berman, 1988; Bjorkman and Karl, 1994; Duhamel et al, 2018), and by specific ATP labeling (Karl and Bossard, 1985; Bossard and Karl, 1986; Karl and Björkman, 2014)
Our results show that DOP is consumed by heterotrophic microbes, resulting in an increased bacterial production (BP), bacterial abundance and Tt, and a reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) rates within 24 h (Figures 2, 3)
Summary
Large parts of the global oceans are considered low nutrient low chlorophyll (LNLC) areas, generally characterized by a deficiency in macronutrients such as P, N, and C (Tyrrell, 1999). Such LNLC regions exhibit a low chlorophyll-a biomass (Uitz et al, 2010), dominance of small-size microbial communities (pico- and nano-phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria) (Yacobi et al, 1995), and low primary production (PP) rates (Marañón et al, 2010). Some of the anthropogenic pollutants regularly discharged along the coastal SEMS contain organic substances such as phosphonates (Belkin et al, 2017; Petersen et al, 2018) and treated sewage (Kress et al, 2016; Rahav and Bar-Zeev, 2017) that can fuel microbial activity (Dyhrman et al, 2006)
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