Abstract
Abstract All nuclei have a critical temperature Tc1, where the equilibrium shape is spherical if the temperature is above Tc1 and the rotational frequency is zero. For some nuclei with T > Tc1, a slow rotation of the spherical shape generates a prolate equilibrium shape rotating about its symmetry axis. This opposes the classical expectation that the shape should be oblate. The prolate shape is caused by a quantum shell effect which exists only if the nucleus is rotating. These nuclei have a second shape transition temperature Tc2 > Tc1, where a slow rotation of the spherical nucleus generates a prolate shape if Tc1 Tc2, and a shape with β2 = 0 and β4 ≠ 0 if T = Tc2.
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