Does Private Schooling Affect Non-Cognitive Skills? International Evidence Based on Test and Survey Effort on PISA

Abstract

I use Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data from over 300,000 individual students within 44 countries in 2009 and a historical natural experiment to estimate the causal impact of private schooling on student effort. Since nations with larger shares of Catholics in 1900 tend to have larger shares of private schooling today, the study uses the Catholic share of the population in 1900 as an exogenous instrument to predict whether a given child is in a private school in 2009. The results suggest that private schooling increases student effort on PISA tests, as measured by test decline, while decreasing diligence on student surveys, as measured by careless answer patterns and non-response rates. In addition, I find that private schooling substantially increases PISA test scores, and that stronger non-cognitive skills are associated with higher PISA scores.