Abstract
Most 12-Step research recruits participants who are seeking treatment, leaving open the question of how non-treatment-seeking individuals respond to 12-Step involvement. The current study examined whether participants recruited from community-based Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) clubs or via advertisement/word of mouth differed in their 12-Step attendance rates, substance use, and the association between these constructs compared to participants recruited from substance abuse treatment. Multilevel analyses showed that though associations between 12-Step attendance and decreased substance use did not differ by recruitment group, participants recruited from community-based AA clubs had higher 12-Step attendance rates and a higher proportion of alcohol-abstinent days than did all other participants. Results indicate that using diverse recruitment strategies may be necessary to obtain samples that are representative of the actual population of 12-Step affiliates and to achieve results that estimate the true magnitude of 12-Step effects.
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