Abstract
Abstract Diabetes is one of the main health concerns, especially in developed countries. During the last few decades, the percentage of diabetic persons is constantly increasing. Although the genetic factors have a strong influence in the development of diabetes, environmental influence (physical inactivity, inadequate nutrition leading to obesity) also have an important impact. The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possible influence of organic sprouted whole wheat grain flourless bread Tonus® (product of Trivit, Becej, Serbia) on DNA damage at various stages of progression through type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to control (non-diabetic) subjects we analyzed obese, pre-diabetic and diabetic patients, for a total of four experimental groups. All subjects used to eat Mediterranean diet for at least two years before being included in our study. In each of four groups we had five persons practicing the Mediterranean diet but instead of bread they consumed flourless bread Tonus®. The DNA damage was evaluated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay at the very beginning (before starting the Tonus® bread diet), and after exactly the three months of consumption of Tonus® bread. Statistical analysis revealed that only in patients with type 2 diabetes, Tonus® bread intake led to decreased DNA damage compared to the level of DNA damage of these patients before they started Tonus® bread diet. We assume that decrease of body weight and hyperinsulinemia caused by Tonus® bread in the diet might be one of the main causes of decreased DNA damage.
Highlights
The obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) are constantly increasing worldwide, especially in developed countries [1]
In our investigation we explored the influence of 3 months of consumption of sprouted whole grain flourless bread “Tonus” (Trivit d.o.o., Bečej, Serbia) in combination with Mediterranean diet on the level of DNA damage in the Comet assay
The basic characteristics of each group before the start of the experiment, and after 3 months of flourless bread consumption are shown in Table 1 and Table 2
Summary
The obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) are constantly increasing worldwide, especially in developed countries [1]. Antioxidative defense systems are weakened in metabolic syndrome leading to accumulation of large quantities of ROS which causes damage to cell organelles and nucleic acids, so in the long run the cell death (apoptosis) may ocurr [13]. Diets with ultra-processed components consumed in large amounts, such as additives or margarine with fitosterols, do not lead to long term improvement of human health, nor to the decrease of risk for chronic diseases. These diets can increase the occurrence of some chronic diseases [15]
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