Abstract
It has been increasingly important for breeding programs to be aimed at crops that are capable of coping with a changing climate, especially with regards to higher frequency and intensity of drought events. Grass stomatal complex has been proposed as an important factor that may enable grasses to adapt to water stress and variable climate conditions. There are many studies focusing on the stomatal morphology and development in the eudicot model plant Arabidopsis and monocot model plant Brachypodium. However, the comprehensive understanding of the distinction of stomatal structure and development between monocots and eudicots, especially between grasses and eudicots, are still less known at evolutionary and comparative genetic levels. Therefore, we employed the newly released version of the One Thousand Plant Transcriptome (OneKP) database and existing databases of green plant genome assemblies to explore the evolution of gene families that contributed to the formation of the unique structure and development of grass stomata. This review emphasizes the differential stomatal morphology, developmental mechanisms, and guard cell signaling in monocots and eudicots. We provide a summary of useful molecular evidences for the high water use efficiency of grass stomata that may offer new horizons for future success in breeding climate resilient crops.
Highlights
Global food demand and consumption is at historically high levels and the current level of crops may not be sustainable if their production is not able to keep up with the population growth and adapt to the changing climate (FAO et al, 2019)
We found that SMFs, SHRs, PANs, SCRMs, SCRs, Too Many Mouths (TMM), Polar Localization during Asymmetric Division and Redistribution (POLAR), and SCAR/WAVE are the important gene families (Figure 1B), which take part in the stomatal file specification and subsidiary mother cell (SMC) formation and polarization essential for lineage specific stomatal developmental regulation
We summarized that grasses may have outstanding advantages for water use efficiency (WUE) due to their unique stomatal structure
Summary
Global food demand and consumption is at historically high levels and the current level of crops may not be sustainable if their production is not able to keep up with the population growth and adapt to the changing climate (FAO et al, 2019). The molecular evolution of key gene families for stomatal development and the distinction between eudicot and monocot stomatal structure across a comprehensive set of plant species, representing the major lineages of angiosperms, have not been fully investigated. This review highlights the unique morphological structure and developmental process of grass stomata and summarizes the contribution of Arabidopsis homologous genes in a large number of eudicot and monocots, including grasses.
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