Does dietary intake of vitamin A and beta-carotene increase the risk of hypertension?

Abstract

Background Hypertension (HTN) is a major global public health issue influenced by genetics and lifestyle factors such as diet and psychological stress. Previous research suggests a potential link between HTN and dietary vitamin A intake. This study aims to explore the association between HTN and the intake of various forms of vitamin A. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1239 patients with HTN and 2945 normotensive individuals aged 35–70 years in Sabzevar, Iran. Dietary vitamin A intake was assessed using the Nutritionist IV software and a food frequency questionnaire. Result A positive association was found between HTN with total vitamin A intake [odds ratio (OR): 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.05, P = 0.04] and β-carotene intake (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.05, P = 0.03) after adjusting for age and sex. These associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for physical activity and BMI. The association between HTN and β-carotene intake remained significant after additional adjustment for calorie intake. No significant association was observed between dietary retinol intake and HTN. Conclusion Increased dietary intake of vitamin A and β-carotene may be associated with a higher risk of HTN. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.