Do offshore wind farms promote the expansion and proliferation of non-indigenous invertebrate species?

Abstract

Based on a search of publications in the scientific literature as well as international reports available online, I draw up a list of 25 documents which include cross-references to the terms offshore wind farms (OFW), and non-indigenous species (NIS). This review shows that no relationship has yet been clearly established between the implementation of OFWs and the colonization of NIS on turbine foundations and scour protections. Evidence for such an effect needs to be documented and confirmed in the future.