Abstract
Unwelcome exchange: International trade as a direct and indirect driver of biological invasions worldwide
Highlights
Despite the importance of human travel and migration to the introduction and establishment of alien species in new regions, international trade is widely regarded as the primary driver of biological invasions in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.[5,6,7,8]
International trade occurs as a result of geographical specialization, whether in terms of the availability of natural resources (e.g., Brazil nuts, minerals, marine fisheries) or in the production of goods, and buyers and sellers reside in different countries
Given the robust evidence that many invasive alien species have major negative impacts on human health, food security, ecosystem services, and biodiversity, understanding the role international trade plays in biological invasions is crucial to secure sustainable economic outcomes.[10]
Summary
Biological invasions are synonymous with international trade. The direct effects of trade have largely been quantified using relationships between imports and the number of alien species in a region or patterns in the global spread of species linked to shipping and air traffic networks. Trade has an indirect role on biological invasions by transforming the environments and societies of exporting and importing nations. Both the direct and indirect roles of trade on biological invasions, as well as their interaction, are examined for the first time. Future trends in international trade, including e-commerce, new trade routes, and major infrastructure developments, will lead to the pressure on national borders soon outstripping the resources available for intervention. The current legislative and scientific tools targeting biological invasions are insufficient to deal with this growing threat and require a new mindset that focuses on curbing the pandemic risk posed by alien species
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