Do amyloid structures formed by Staphylococcus aureus phenol-soluble modulins have a biological function?

Abstract

Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are alpha-helical, amphipathic peptides that have multiple functions in staphylococcal physiology and virulence. Recent research has suggested that PSMs form amyloid fibrils and amyloids are involved in PSM-mediated phenotypes such as cytolysis and biofilm stability. While we observed PSM amyloid formation using electron microscopy and dye assays, there were no apparent differences in the production of extracellular fibrous material between a PSM-deficient strain and the isogenic wild-type strain. Furthermore, we detected no correlation between cytolytic or pro-inflammatory activities with the propensity of PSM derivatives to form amyloids. In addition, we propose a model based on our finding of non-specific attachment of PSMs to DNA, which we here report results in resistance to DNase digestion, explaining previous findings on PSM-mediated biofilm stability without the necessity to assume amyloid involvement. Collectively, our results indicate that PSM amyloid formation may not be of major relevance for known key biological functions of PSMs. Intriguingly, however, we found that amyloid-forming capacity of PSMalpha3 allows almost no amino acid exchanges, suggesting importance of amyloid formation in possibly yet unknown functions of PSMs.