Abstract
Measures of oxidative stress have potential for integrating positive and negative life experiences into comprehensive cellular indicators of animal welfare. We explored this possibility when three adult grizzly bear brothers at the Detroit Zoo were temporarily moved to a smaller habitat while their primary home was expanded. We expected that the spatial compression and construction activity might be sources of stress. We observed increased social play and other affiliative behavior in the smaller habitat, and we used daily fecal samples (17 to 24 per bear) to examine whether concentrations of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, a by-product of DNA damage) were correlated with social behavior. Our overall aim was to explore 8-OHdG as a potential indicator of welfare based on the prediction that 8-OHdG would be lower when more positive social interactions occurred. Concentrations of fecal 8-OHdG increased significantly with higher FGM concentrations, supporting a potential relationship between adrenal activity and rates of DNA damage. However, we found that on days when they engaged in higher rates of affiliative interactions, there were trends for 8-OHdG concentrations to increase for one bear and decrease for another, and no relationship for the third bear. These preliminary results should be interpreted with caution, but suggest a potential relationship between social behavior and 8-OHdG that is modulated by health, personality, or other individual factors. Further validation research is needed, but 8-OHdG may have promise as a non-invasive, cumulative indicator of animal welfare.
Highlights
Animal welfare is a holistic concept that encompasses an individual animal’s physical, mental, and emotional states measured over a period of time and on a scale from poor to good [1]
Each of the three bears showed a strong positive correlation linking increases in fecal 8OHdG concentrations to elevated fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM). This relationship is consistent with the metabolic role of glucocorticoids, as is the positive relationship we found between FGM concentrations and the percent of time engaged in active behaviors for the group
The crux of oxidant physiology is maintaining a balance between reactive oxygen species and the antioxidants that neutralize them
Summary
Animal welfare is a holistic concept that encompasses an individual animal’s physical, mental, and emotional states measured over a period of time and on a scale from poor to good [1]. Animal behavior is the most commonly used means of assessing welfare, but investigators often employ multiple cross-disciplinary measures (e.g., behavior, hormones, body condition) to account holistically for the different domains [3]. Interpretation challenges sometimes arise when various indicators of welfare produce potentially conflicting results. These issues may occur because welfare is inherently complex, and an animal may have positive experiences in one domain but not another. Problems may arise when it is unclear if a change in an indicator reflects positive or negative welfare [4]
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