Œdème cérébral aigu mortel chez un enfant diabétique

Abstract

A case is reported of fatal acute cerebral oedema occurring in a 15-year-old child suffering diabetic ketoacidosis. He had severe gastro-enteritis, with a weight lose of 8 kg over a period of 8 days (initial weight = 50 kg). He was admitted in a stupor with pH 7.15, 129 mmol · 1 −1 natraemia, and 31 mmol · 1 −1 blood glucose concentration. Blood osmolality was calculated to be 310 mosmol · 1 −1. He was rehydrated with 416 ml · h −1 normal saline and 416 ml · h −1 of 1.4 % sodium bicarbonate. At the same time a total dose of 75 i.u. of ordinary insulin was given. After 2 h, the patient's condition suddenly worsened with unreactive coma, bilateral fixed mydriasis, respiratory pauses, and impairment of haemodynamic state (heart rate 150 b · min −1, blood pressure 80/50 mmHg). The diagnosis of cerebral oedema with severe intracranial hypertension was confirmed by different investigations. Despite ventilatory support and continued intensive care, the patient died a few hours later. It is conduced that some degree of subclinical brain swelling could be common occurrence during diabetic ketoacidosis, present maybe even before the start of treatment. Such cases of cerebral oedema are often reported, but the pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. However, unlike this case, rehydration must be moderate (< 41 · m −2 · day −1), especially in case of hyponatraemia. Insulin and sodium bicarbonate must be used with care. Early rigorous clinical and biological monitoring is essential. Treatment should aim at a progressive correction of the metabolic disturbances.