Abstract
Reducing the number of animals used to a minimum, to obtain information from fewer animals, is one of the three guiding principles (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) behind the humane use of animals in scientific research. One way to reduce the number of animals used per experiment is to develop normative values for common outcomes. These normative values can be used as a benchmark to decrease the overall number of animals in an experiment. This is particularly applicable in untreated controls (normal and disease) in a preclinical efficacy drug trial.
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