Abstract
Simple SummaryCoronaviruses are a broad group of viruses that may infect a wide range of animals, including humans. Despite the fact that each coronavirus has a limited host range, frequent interspecies transmission of coronaviruses across diverse hosts has resulted in a complex ecology. The recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus is the clearest evidence of the danger of a global pandemic spreading. Natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in a variety of domestic and wild animals, which may complicate the virus’s epidemiology and influence its development. In this review, we discussed the potential determinants of SARS-CoV-2 interspecies transmission. Additionally, despite the efforts that have been made to control this pandemic and to implement the One Health policy, several problems, such as the role of animals in SARS-CoV-2 evolution and the dynamics of interspecies transmission, are still unanswered.In December 2019, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in China with serious impacts on global health and economy that is still ongoing. Although interspecies transmission of coronaviruses is common and well documented, each coronavirus has a narrowly restricted host range. Coronaviruses utilize different receptors to mediate membrane fusion and replication in the cell cytoplasm. The interplay between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of coronaviruses and their coevolution are determinants for host susceptibility. The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and has also been reported in domestic and wild animals, raising the question about the responsibility of animals in virus evolution. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic might also substantially have an impact on animal production for a long time. In the present review, we discussed the diversity of coronaviruses in animals and thus the diversity of their receptors. Moreover, the determinants of the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in several animals, with special reference to the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in animals, were highlighted. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.
Highlights
Since the first report of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in 1937 [1], numerous coronaviruses have been isolated and/or identified in various animal species as well as humans.The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the best example of a pandemic that had a global impact on the health, economic, and social aspects of communities [2,3]
The following measures are described by several authors [172,173,174]: (i) developing strategies and funding needed for the application of preventative and control measures in the frame of One Health, (ii) engagement of welltrained and professional staff, (iii) fast and precise diagnostic tools and treatment of affected individuals, (iv) development and provision of efficient and safe vaccines for humans, (v) biosurveillance of live animal markets and humans in contact with animals to identity the possible reservoirs and to assess the risk factors, (vi) application of biosecurity in animal farms and implementation of good hygienic measures, (vii) assessment of the economic and social impacts of COVID-19 on people, and (viii) provision of efficient drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and diagnostics
Each coronavirus has a narrow-restricted host range, the frequent interspecies transmission of coronaviruses between different hosts leads to a complex ecosystem
Summary
Since the first report of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in 1937 [1], numerous coronaviruses have been isolated and/or identified in various animal species as well as humans. SARS-CoV-2 has acquired new mutations as a part of its evolution to evade host responses and transmit more effectively. Some of these mutations increased transmissibility through an increase in receptor binding or the ability to evade the host immune, in addition to the emergence of new variants, such as variant of interest (VOI) and variant of concern (VOC). Cross-species transmission events that force viruses to adapt to new host settings result in species-specific adaptations [4]. These evolutionary modifications may influence the virus’s virulence and transmissibility in new host species [5]. This review sheds light on the diversity of coronaviruses in domestic animals and the potential determinants of interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2
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