Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem that needs to be addressed immediately in order to avoid its serious consequences. Bacteria naturally possess resistance to antibiotics (intrinsic resistance) or acquire resistance by several molecular mechanisms. The misuse of antibiotics in human, animal, and plant health and the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs), or antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) are key factors behind the exorbitant increase in AMR. The diversity in the mechanisms of emergence of AMR and modes of dissemination of antibiotic-resistant genes from the pathogenic bacteria or environment to commensal bacteria is a critical concern to human and animal health. The incidences of AMR can be reduced only after a complete understanding of the emergence and transmission of AMR. Hence, in this chapter, we have highlighted diversity in the emergence of AMR with a specific focus on the molecular mechanisms of AMR. We have also summarized modes of AMR dissemination and described the spread of AMR between pathogenic and commensal bacteria.
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