Abstract
Endophytic bacterial communities are beneficial communities for host plants that exist inside the surfaces of plant tissues, and their application improves plant growth. They benefit directly from the host plant by enhancing the nutrient amount of the plant’s intake and influencing the phytohormones, which are responsible for growth promotion and stress. Endophytic bacteria play an important role in plant-growth promotion (PGP) by regulating the indirect mechanism targeting pest and pathogens through hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotics, biocontrol potential, and nutrient restriction for pathogens. To attain these benefits, firstly bacterial communities must be colonized by plant tissues. The nature of colonization can be achieved by using a set of traits, including attachment behavior and motility speed, degradation of plant polymers, and plant defense evasion. The diversity of bacterial endophytes colonization depends on various factors, such as plants’ relationship with environmental factors. Generally, each endophytic bacteria has a wide host range, and they are used as bio-inoculants in the form of synthetic applications for sustainable agriculture systems and to protect the environment from chemical hazards. This review discusses and explores the taxonomic distribution of endophytic bacteria associated with different genotypes of rice plants and their origin, movement, and mechanism of PGP. In addition, this review accentuates compressive meta data of endophytic bacteria communities associated with different genotypes of rice plants, retrieves their plant-growth-promoting properties and their antagonism against plant pathogens, and discusses the indication of endophytic bacterial flora in rice plant tissues using various methods. The future direction deepens the study of novel endophytic bacterial communities and their identification from rice plants through innovative techniques and their application for sustainable agriculture systems.
Highlights
Plants can build a relationship with their ecosystem members to enhance growth and development in natural environments, as well as maintaining an ecological niche for thriving microbes
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus can produce Gibberellic acids (GA) and its application in Chinese cabbage and crown daisy promoted the growth rate, as compared to non-inoculated crops [157]. It is reported by Ishak et al [158] that B. subtilis strain LKM-BK is an endophytic bacterial strain isolated from surface-sterilized tissue of Theobroma cacao plants, which can produce GAs in certain concentration and further compounds of trans-zeatin. These findings showed the use of endophytic bacterial strains for plant-growth promotion and pathogen suppression is an applicable and result-oriented approach in agriculture development globally
The current article retires the compressive data of endophyte communities associated with rice plants
Summary
Plants can build a relationship with their ecosystem members to enhance growth and development in natural environments, as well as maintaining an ecological niche for thriving microbes. In China, Fang [16] reported the sources of registered biofertilizer products; these can be the single and combination of the bacterial strains of Bacillus species (B. licheniformis, B. amyloliguefaciens, B. megaterium, and B. subtilis) and Lactobacillus plantarum, Paemibacillus mucilaginosus, and other species These abovementioned members of genera are dominated among plants, soil, and under other environments, due to salient features, such as rapid proliferation and simple diet requirements, which can assist in easy propagation of bacteria in the environment. The above-highlighted bacteria are famous as beneficial organisms for plant growth, as well as for producing many metabolites to improve plant health These genera could be the best choice for preparing potential inoculants by mixing bacterial strains due to their diversified adaption to multiple environmental factors, such as pH, low and high temperature, salinity, and high metals, as well as the ability of their cells to remain alive in diverse environments for a long time [17]. We discuss their phyla, classes, orders, families, genus, and species abundances in the different genotypes of rice plants
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