Disulfiram

Abstract

Objective: The discovery of the disulfiram (DSF)-ethanol reaction dates back to 1948. Since then, major studies have questioned the efficacy of DSF in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Yet, DSF remains in use! This review explores the reasons why this is so, along with attempts to improve its efficacy in alcohol treatment and expand its use to other substances and disorders. Method: A systematic review of the 2004 to 2011 literature was drawn from a comprehensive MEDLINE search. Clinical trials using DSF for the treatment of alcohol and/or cocaine use and/or dependence were identified, along with DSF efficacy studies focusing on supervised administration and combination strategies. Results: Of the 83 articles retrieved within the initial search criteria, 22 were clinical trials or studies on the following subjects: comparing DSF with acamprosate and naltrexone; use of DSF in alcohol treatment with comorbidity; use of DSF in the cocaine treatment; assessment of the adherence to DSF; and combined use of DSF with cognitive behavioral therapy. Conclusions: DSF’s complete mechanisms of action and its optimal dosage remain subjects of inquiry. The supervised use of DSF is justified for alcohol-dependent individuals struggling with their sobriety. Additional uses appear promising.