Abstract
One of the major concerns of power systems is dealing with extreme power outages during severe events and consequently, its repercussions on the lives of people in society and social aspects. Therefore, the optimal application of microgrids that can be identified as a smart city which is equipped with renewable energies and distributed energy generation is considered with the aim of distribution system resilience improvement. In this study, an innovative modeling approach is formulated as resilience-oriented multi-objective two-stage scenario-based stochastic modeling based on mixed-integer-linear-programming. Meanwhile, innovative modeling is executed based on disaster effect on human society response (HSR) according to the presence of plug-in-electric-vehicles as clean transportation systems. Using a sensitivity analysis on the maximum allowable energy that can be stored by electric-vehicle owners, according to a conservative decision, it is possible to charge electric vehicles up to 40% in a specific emergency situation, without significantly jeopardizing the resilience of microgrids and distribution systems. In this regard, on average, the resilience metric of MG1, MG2, and MG3 improves by 3.94%, 11.3%, and 4.4%, respectively, compared to the situation where electric vehicles are allowed to charge up to 100% of their battery capacity. More comprehensive studies are also investigated in results.
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