Abstract
The need for secure and flexible operation of distributed power systems and the decline in prices for Li-ion batteries have made energy storage deployment a viable option. The electric energy storage units’ characterization (including Li-ion batteries) currently utilized for power system operation and planning models relies on two major assumptions: the charge and discharge efficiencies are constant during such processes, and the maximum charge and discharge rates are independent of the system’s state of charge. This approach can lead to an over- or underestimation of the available power and energy for supporting services such as frequency response and load balancing; thus, threatening the overall system reliability. In this chapter, we introduce an optimal stochastic operation model for distribution systems with energy storage. We, firstly, present the power flow formulation for distribution networks and derive its equivalent second-order conic reformulation. Secondly, we introduce an ideal energy storage model and a new detailed linear model for the state-dependent characterization of the unit’s charge and discharge processes. Finally, we integrate the proposed model into a deterministic and stochastic economic operation model of a distribution power grid to illustrate the benefits of a detailed battery characterization, in comparison with the existing constant efficiency approach. The proposed energy storage models are computationally compared on a modified IEEE 33-bus electric distribution system.
Published Version
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