Abstract
The exposure of pregnant women to phthalates is a major concern due to their adverse effect on developmental outcomes. Diet is an important pathway for exposure to phthalate compounds. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of pregnant women to phthalates in China are limited. We aimed to assess the distribution and dietary predictors of phthalate exposure among pregnant women in China. We measured the levels of 10 urinary phthalate metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in 210 pregnant women as part of the 2015 China National Chronic Disease and Nutrition Survey in Shanghai. We assessed the urinary specific gravity-adjusted phthalate metabolite levels along with potential demographic and dietary predictors. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between each potential demographic variable and dietary predictor and urinary phthalate metabolites. Seven urinary phthalate metabolites were detected in >95% of pregnant women. The geometric mean (GM) of urinary phthalate biomarker values were highest for monobutyl phthalate (GM: 25.29 ng/mL) and monoisobutyl phthalate (GM:11.18 ng/mL). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that a lower educational level was associated with elevated urinary phthalate metabolite levels. Edible seaweed consumption had a positive correlation with urinary monoethyl phthalate and monoisobutyl phthalate levels, and the total molar sum of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites. These findings offer important data on the dietary exposure to phthalates in pregnant Chinese women and suggest interventions to improve food safety.
Highlights
Phthalates are well-known chemicals disrupting the endocrine system and are abundantly produced worldwide, given their multiple uses as plasticizers or solvents in food packaging, personal care products, and other domestic products [1,2]
The subjects had lived in Shanghai for >6 months, and 42.9% had resided in an urban area
0.05, ** p < 0.01.We identified 9 predictors, including maternal age, location, gestational week, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), education level, and milk, pork, marine fish, and edible seaweed consumption, that were related to urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in the univariate analyses
Summary
Phthalates (phthalic acid esters, PAEs) are well-known chemicals disrupting the endocrine system and are abundantly produced worldwide, given their multiple uses as plasticizers or solvents in food packaging, personal care products, and other domestic products [1,2]. Phthalates are found in various parts of the environment, including water, indoor dust, sediments, and organisms [3,4,5,6]. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1366; doi:10.3390/ijerph16081366 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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