Abstract
Elimination of chromosomes is a phenomenon widespread in distant hybrids. It ranges from the loss of one or two chromosomes to elimination of whole chromosome complement of one of the parents. Such elimination leads to the production of haploid plants, which then are treated with colchicine to double the chromosome number and to develop DH‑lines. Homozygosity of doubled haploids serves as a basis for their wide use in plant genetics and breeding. The use of this approach reduces the time required for obtaining homozygous lines by 5 years on the average. It leads to savings in human resources, energy and acreage. The development of the “bulbosum” method for haploid barley production had a strong influence on the chromosome engineering in cereals and its implementation in plant breeding. However, the method developed on that basis could not be used effectively for producing haploids of wheat, triticale, etc. because ofHordeum bulbosumL. pollen sensitivity to genes inhibiting wheat crossability (Krgenes). The crosses withImperata cylindrica(L.) Raeusch. is an efficient alternative to the widely used wheat × maize and triticale × maize crosses due to abundant pollen supply within a longer time period, significantly higher frequency of embryos formation and haploid plants regeneration.
Highlights
Elimination of chromosomes is a phenomenon widespread in distant hybrids. It ranges from the loss of one or two chromosomes to elimination of whole chromosome complement of one of the parents. Such elimination leads to the production of haploid plants, which are treated with colchicine to double the chromosome number and to develop DH-lines
Homozygosity of doubled haploids serves as a basis for their wide use in plant genetics and breeding
The development of the “bulbosum” method for haploid barley production had a strong influence on the chromosome engineering in cereals and its implementation in plant breeding
Summary
В. В статье представлен обзор литературы по получению гаплоидных растений у злаков методом отдаленной гибридизации и механизмы, лежащие в основе селективной элиминации хромосом одного из родительских геномов во время раннего развития зародыша. В последнем случае возникают гаплоидные растения, удвоение числа хромосом которых приводит к получению удвоенных гаплоидов (DH-линий). Гомозиготность удвоенных гаплоидов послужила основой для их широкого использования в генетике и селекции растений. Использование данного подхода позволяет сократить время получения гомозиготных линий в среднем на пять лет, что приводит к экономии людских ресурсов и посевных площадей. Разработка «bulbosum» метода получения гаплоидов ячменя оказала революционное влияние на хромосомную инженерию злаков и ее использование в селекции растений. Однако разработанный на этой основе метод не мог эффективно использоваться для получения гаплоидов пшеницы, тритикале и других злаков из-за чувствительности пыльцы Hordeum bulbosum L. Эффективным опылителем для различных видов злаков явилась кукуруза. Ключевые слова: колосовые злаки, отдаленная гибридизация, гаплоидия, селективная элиминация хромосом, селекция
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