Abstract
In a pre- and posttest design an attempt was made to quantify sand flipping in the behaviorally aroused Northern elephant seal ( Mirounga angustirostris ). Following pretest a seal was approached by the experimenter in order to induce a conflict between attack and escape tendencies. Sand flipping occurred more frequently when a seal was aroused than when it was resting regardless of the amount of solar radiation, degree of wetness, wind speed, etc.
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