Abstract
Stable dispersion of nanoparticles in electrolytes is essential for preparing a wide range of advanced electroless nanocomposites. However, nanoparticles agglomerate if the van der Waals attractive forces prevail over the electrostatic repulsive forces. As a result, various surfactants (anionic, cationic, and non-ionic) were used to prevent nanoparticle agglomeration in the electroless plating bath. This study specifically examines the dispersion stability of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in an electroless bath with different surfactants, including anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and non-ionic polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The zeta potential and hydrodynamic diameter measurements were utilized as an indicator of nanodispersion stability. The results showed a better-dispersed state of ZnO nanoparticles with SDS surfactant with a small average size of the agglomerate. Surfactants SDS and CTAB improved stability by electrostatic repulsion between ZnO nanoparticles whereas PVP by steric inhibition towards other particles. In addition, ultraviolet–visible absorbance spectroscopy (UV–Vis) was used to examine the dispersion stability of ZnO nanoparticles with different surfactants. The nano-ZnO distributed with SDS displayed a maximum percentage of absorbance, suggesting the homogeneous dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles.
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