Abstract
AbstractThe release of drugs from solid drug delivery materials has been studied intently in recent years. Quantitative analyses achieved from in vitro dissolution becomes easier if a zero-order mathematical model is used. Non-gelatin nutraceutical hard-shell capsules of zero size (approximately 0.7-0.8 cm) were produced from carrageenan-based natural polymers, namely carrageenan-alginate (CA) and carrageenan-starch (CS). Disintegration, dissolution and zero-order drug release kinetics of hard-shell capsules containing 100 mg of salicylamide were studied. The disintegration time of CA and CS were observed to be less than 30 min for both CA and CS. In vitro dissolution profile showed that the percentage dissolution of CA capsules was better at pH 4.5, while that of CS was poor at pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8. Determination of drug release kinetics profiles of carrageenan-based hardshell capsules utilized the Noyes-Whitney and Peppas-Sahlin modification rules for zero-order. The drug release from carrageenan-based capsules followed zero-order kinetics, especially at pH 6.8, and was compared to the Higuchi model. Salicylamide in CA hard-shell capsules at a pH 6.8 had a release rate constant (kH) of 2.91 %(ppm/ ppm) min-1/2, while the release rate constant of CS was 0.36 %(ppm/ppm) min-1.
Highlights
Available hard-shell capsules are generally made from gelatin, which is produced from bone and skin of cows, pigs or buffalos
The first non-gelatin hard-shell capsule was produced in 1989 with the trademark of Vegicaps, and it was made from a material, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), that is appropriate for vegetarians or vegans
This paper reports the study of disintegration, dissolution and drug release kinetic profiles of k-carrageenan-based nutraceutical hard-shell capsules containing salicylamide
Summary
Available hard-shell capsules are generally made from gelatin, which is produced from bone and skin of cows, pigs or buffalos. Carrageenan-based non-gelatin hard-shell capsules have been patented and produced, i.e. Quali-V [2]. Indonesia and the Philippines are two countries that produce much of the carrageenan for the rest world [3]. It is extracted from red seaweeds, especially from the Rodhophyceae family, including Chondruscripus, C. ocellatus, Eucheuma cottonii, E. spinosum, E. gelatinae, Furcellaria fatigiata, Gigartina stellata, G. acicularis, G. pistillata, G. canaliculata, G. chamissol, G. radula, G. skottsbergii, Gymnogongrus furcellatus, Hypneamusciformis and H. spicifera [4]
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