Abstract
BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the virucidal activity of a new olanexidine-containing formulation for hand hygiene (olanexidine gluconate hand rub; OLG-HR) against non-enveloped viruses and to understand its mechanism of action. MethodsThe virucidal activities of OLG-HR against two strains of caliciviruses and three adenovirus serotypes were evaluated through suspension tests. Also, virus-like particles were used to predict the effect of olanexidine gluconate on virus particle structure. ResultsThe results of suspension tests under conditions with and without interfering substances (1.5% BSA) indicated that OLG-HR had a broad-spectrum effect against non-enveloped viruses, and the virucidal effect was unaffected by organic contaminants. Furthermore, olanexidine inhibited the binding ability of virus-like particles to the binding receptor of human norovirus and increased the aggregation of virus-like particles in a dose-dependent manner. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the morphology of the virus-like particles was affected by exposure to olanexidine, indicating that the protein-denaturing effect of olanexidine gluconate caused the loss of receptor-binding capability of the viral capsid protein. ConclusionsThis study suggests that olanexidine gluconate is a potential biological and environmental disinfectant against norovirus and adenovirus.
Highlights
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the virucidal activity of a new olanexidine-containing formulation for hand hygiene against non-enveloped viruses and to understand its mechanism of action
In a previous study using cultureindependent methods, we reported that OLG was effective against norovirus; culture-dependent methods have not been used to examine the virucidal efficacy of OLG against non-enveloped viruses, other than murine norovirus in the absence of interfering substance 3
The exposure time was fixed at 30 s, and the results showed that the antiseptics significantly affected the binding ability of the virus-like particles (VLPs) to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs)
Summary
The virucidal activities of OLG-HR against two strains of caliciviruses and three adenovirus serotypes were evaluated through suspension tests. Virus-like particles were used to predict the effect of olanexidine gluconate on virus particle structure and the rabbit skin irritation test evaluated the skin irritation. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the morphology of the virus-like particles was affected by exposure to olanexidine, indicating that the proteindenaturing effect of olanexidine gluconate caused the loss of receptor-binding capability of the viral capsid protein. Adenovirus, non-enveloped virus, virus-like particle, olanexidine, antiseptic 1. In a previous study using cultureindependent methods, we reported that OLG was effective against norovirus; culture-dependent methods have not been used to examine the virucidal efficacy of OLG against non-enveloped viruses, other than murine norovirus in the absence of interfering substance 3. The structural units of non-enveloped viruses include nucleic acids (genomic DNA or RNA) and capsid proteins that protect the viral genome. It has been reported that chlorine dioxide damages both nucleic acids and viral proteins 7,8
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