Diseases Due to the Deficiency in Vitamin K Conversion System and Its Prevention

Abstract

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in blood coagulation and bone formation. Vitamin K has homologues due to differences in the side chain structure, phylloquinone (abbreviated as vitamin K1, PK) having a phytyl side chain and menaquinones (MK-n, n=1 to 14) having an isoprenoid side chain structure. The main vitamin K that we take from our daily diet is PK, and a fermented food, natto, contains MK-7 produced by Bacillus subtilis natto. However, the majority of vitamin K present in the tissues of mammals, including humans, is menaquinone-4 (abbreviated as vitamin K2, MK-4) having a geranylgeranyl side chain. This reason is that PK or MK-n obtained in the diet is converted into MK-4 in the body. We identified that the UbiA prenyltransferase domain containing protein 1 (UBIAD1) is the conversion enzyme of PK and MK-n to MK-4. The physiological roles of MK-4 in all tissues of the whole body and the physiological significance of MK-4 converted from PK and MK-n by UBIAD1 have not been sufficiently elucidated yet. To investigate the function of UBIAD1 in vivo, we generated UBIAD1 systemic knockout mice and tissue-specific UBIAD1 knockout mice. In this paper, we introduce the usefulness of vitamin K for diseases that may involve vitamin K and UBIAD1.