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Abstract
Abstract Background Incorrect snake identification from the observable visual traits is a major reason for death resulting from snake bites in tropics. So far no automatic classification method has been proposed to distinguish snakes by deciphering the taxonomy features of snake for the two major species of snakes i.e. Elapidae and Viperidae. We identify 38 different taxonomically relevant features to develop the Snake database from 490 sample images of Naja Naja (Spectacled cobra), 193 sample images of Ophiophagus Hannah (King cobra), 88 images of Bungarus caeruleus (Common krait), 304 sample images of Daboia russelii (Russell’s viper), 116 images of Echis carinatus (Saw scaled viper) and 108 images of Hypnale hypnale (Hump Nosed Pit Viper). Results Snake identification performances with 13 different types of classifiers and 12 attribute elevator demonstrate that 15 out of 38 taxonomically relevant features are enough for snake identification. Interestingly, these features were almost equally distributed from the logical grouping of top, side and body views of snake images, and the features from the bottom view of snakes had the least role in the snake identification. Conclusion We find that only few of the taxonomically relevant snake features are useful in the process of snake identification. These discriminant features are essential to improve the accuracy of snake identification and classification. The presented study indicate that automated snake identification is useful for practical applications such as in medical diagnosis, conservation studies and surveys by interdisciplinary practitioners with little expertise in snake taxonomy.
Highlights
Incorrect snake identification from the observable visual traits is a major reason for death resulting from snake bites in tropics
Snake identification performances with 13 different types of classifiers and attribute elevator demonstrate that 15 out of 38 taxonomically relevant features are enough for snake identification
These features were almost distributed from the logical grouping of top, side and body views of snake images, and the features from the bottom view of snakes had the least role in the snake identification
Summary
Incorrect snake identification from the observable visual traits is a major reason for death resulting from snake bites in tropics. Snake is a cold blooded reptile that is in majority perceived to be deadly to humans [1,2,3,4,5]. Snakes have been worshipped, feared and disliked by people across the world. Snake remain a painful reality in the daily life of millions of affected people and is largely one of the most misunderstood species [6,7]. World Health organization reports around five million snake bites every year resulting in millions of envenomation, hundreds of thousands of amputations and deaths. In cities like Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, that has high humidity environment, where we started our study, on daily approximately 25–30 Snakes
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