Abstract
Prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the most modifiable risk factor associated with adverse child-health outcomes. However, few longitudinal studies are implemented to compare the rates of discrepancy between self-reported (SR) and urinary cotinine (UC)-verified ETS exposure during the three trimesters of pregnancy, especially in rural areas. The objectives of this study were to assess the discrepancy between SR and UC-verified ETS exposure among rural women employing three measures throughout pregnancy, and to explore predictors related to these differences. This study used a prospective prenatal cohort consisting of 420 pregnant women whose ETS exposure was entirely evaluated by both SR and UC verification across three trimesters of pregnancy. Environmental tobacco exposure was assessed via SR verification, and was validated using the limit of detection for UC. The discrepancy rates were determined for each trimester. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the predictors associated with these differences. The discrepancy rates between SR and UC verification were 25.2%, 17.1%, and 20.5% (first, second, and third trimester, respectively). The highest inconsistency occurred in the first trimester. After adjusting for confounding factors, the following variables were found to have statistically significant associations with the discrepancy rate between SR and UC-verified ETS exposure: the number of smokers in the family and household income for all three trimesters, township site for the second and third trimester, and gravidity for the last trimester. The SR rate of ETS exposure among rural pregnant women is underreported, while the UC-verified rate is higher. More smokers in the family and gravidity may increase the risk of ETS exposure for pregnant women. Biochemical validation is warranted throughout pregnancy for the adoption of home-smoking bans and the promotion of community-based smoke-free programs.
Highlights
Prenatal passive smoking is a prevalent environmental exposure that is associated with adverse infant and childhood health outcomes [1,2]
The rate of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure reported by rural women with a low socio-economic status is underreported, and the urinary cotinine (UC)-verified rate of ETS is higher during pregnancy
These subjective false replies impede the accurate assessment of ETS exposure among non-smoking pregnant women
Summary
Prenatal passive smoking is a prevalent environmental exposure that is associated with adverse infant and childhood health outcomes [1,2]. Passive smoking is defined as the combination of secondhand smoke (SHS) and thirdhand smoke (THS) exposure [3]. SHS is “the combination of smoke emitted from the burning end of a cigarette or other tobacco products and the smoke exhaled by the smoker” [4], and SHS exposure results from the involuntary inhalation of sidestream and exhaled mainstream smoke [5]. THS is derived from SHS, whereby the residue from tobacco smoke persists on the clothing and hair of smokers, on environmental surfaces, and in dust. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1499; doi:10.3390/ijerph15071499 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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