Abstract
This work discovers and proves that all the photons/quantum particles have a “Nucleus of mass and charge.” The nucleus is located off-center in the particles. The constructive, destructive and intermediate Interference phenomena decisively discover and prove the presence of only one nucleus of the mass located off-center in a photon, like an atomic nucleus. The mass in the nucleus of a photon develops varying forces to move the photon as a wave. The Wave-Particle Duality is the most significant proof of such a nucleus of mass. The formation of an electromagnetic wave by a photon proves the presence of a charge in the nucleus of the photon. The Quantum Theory, developed about 100 years back, simplified the understanding of matter and energy at the atomic/subatomic levels. However, the Quantum Theory remains incomplete and cannot explain even a single quantum phenomenon. The New Quantum Theory, developed in the year 2012, is based on the similarity of an atomic nucleus as well as the solar system with the Sun as its nucleus of the mass and the charge. The New Quantum Theory explains all the Quantum Phenomena and matches with the Classical Mechanics as well as the Theory of Electromagnetism. The experiments described in this work, using high precision instruments, determine the mass, the charge and the diameter of a photon/quantum particle.
Highlights
Everything around us consists of very tiny atoms
As the photon enters a new medium and its electromagnetic field, the plane of the spin of photon tilts resulting in the following changes in the photon: 1) The photon travels in a new direction matching with the new plane of the spin of the photon as the forces developed by the mass in the nucleus are in the new directions
The essence of a photon/quantum particle is the presence of a nucleus of the mass and the charge, and the most critical feature is the off-center location of the nucleus in the particle
Summary
Every atom has a nucleus of the mass > 99.9% occupying only negligibly small volume. The solar system has the Sun as its nucleus having >99.86% mass and occupying only neg-. Based on the above facts of nature, the New Quantum Theory [1] states: “A photon/quantum particle has a nucleus of the mass and the charge located off-center.”. A nucleus of the mass and the charge, located off-center in the spinning photon/quantum particle, bestows unique characteristics and displays strange behaviours. This constitutional essence of a photon/quantum particle explains the Wave-Particle Duality but all the Quantum Phenomena and completes the Quantum Theory. The New Quantum Theory can predict the interactions of the photons/quantum particles with other objects at the quantum level for the new developments in the scientific and commercial segments including the improvements in the PV cells
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