Abstract
Transition metal multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) are novel alloys that may offer enhanced surface and mechanical properties compared with commercial metallic alloys. However, their biocompatibility has not been investigated. In this study, three CoCrFeNi-based MPEAs were fabricated, and the in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated in direct contact with fibroblasts for 168 h. The cell viability and cell number were assessed at 24, 96, and 168 h using LIVE/DEAD assay and alamarBlue assay, respectively. All MPEA sample wells had a high percentage of viable cells at each time point. The two quaternary MPEAs demonstrated a similar cell response to stainless steel control with the alamarBlue assay, while the quinary MPEA with Mn had a lower cell number after 168 h. Fibroblasts cultured with the MPEA samples demonstrated a consistent elongated morphology, while those cultured with the Ni control samples demonstrated changes in cell morphology after 24 h. No significant surface corrosion was observed on the MPEAs or stainless steel samples following the cell culture, while the Ni control samples had extensive corrosion. The cell growth and viability results demonstrate the cytocompatibility of the MPEAs. The biocompatibility of MPEAs should be investigated further to determine if MPEAs may be utilized in orthopedic implants and other biomedical applications.
Highlights
Metallic biomaterials are used in a variety of applications, including fixtures like screws and plates; electrical connections; and load-bearing applications, including total hip arthroplasty (THA), which is the standard treatment for degenerative hip pain
The cytocompatibility of CoCrFeNi-based multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) was evaluated through direct contact culture withTfhiberocybtloasctosm
The decreased cell number in the Ni wells is due to Ni ions present in the culture medium, resulting in cytotoxicity
Summary
Metallic biomaterials are used in a variety of applications, including fixtures like screws and plates; electrical connections; and load-bearing applications, including total hip arthroplasty (THA), which is the standard treatment for degenerative hip pain. The metallic implants are typically produced with cobalt–chromium (CoCr) alloys; titanium (Ti)-based alloys, such as Ti-6Al-4V (ASTM F136/ISO 5832-2) or Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe (ASTM F1813/ISO 5832-14); and stainless steels (ASTM F138/ISO 5832-1). These alloys are often employed in THA, in femoral stems and heads, primarily due to their superior mechanical properties compared with polymeric and ceramic biomaterials. Mechanical properties of metallic biomaterials that are advantageous for orthopedic implants include high yield strength and high fracture toughness, which prevent deformation under load and increase the material resistance to fracture, respectively. The Ashby chart (Figure 1) illustrates the difference between the classes of materials (polymers, ceramics, metals, and metal multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs)) in terms of yield strength and fracture toughness [2]
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